2025

Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries face numerous challenges in decarbonising their economies. Of these, the transformation of heavy industry is one of the most pressing: despite a progressive decline in the economic contribution of industry post-1990, CEE economies still rely more on their heavy industries than the EU average; these heavy industries remain more carbon-intensive than in other parts of the EU; and progress in decarbonising them remains slow due to inadequate climate policy frameworks and limited institutional capacity and national public funding, among others.